ចក្រភពរ៉ូម

ចក្រភពរ៉ូម
Senatus Populusque Romanus (Latin); Imperium Romanum (Latin); Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων (Ancient Greek); Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn;
	27 BC–AD 395 (unified); AD 395–476/480 (Western); AD 395–1453 (Eastern)
	Vexillum; with the imperial aquila Imperial aquila
	Roman Empire in AD 117 at its greatest extent, at the time of Trajan's death vassals
	The Roman Empire from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire
ស្ថានភាព	{{#if: \| \|ចក្រភព
ធានី	Rome; (27 BC–AD 330); Constantinople; (330–1453);
ភាសាផ្លូវការ	Latin
ភាសាទូទៅ	Regional languages
សាសនា	Imperial cult-driven polytheism; (until AD 380; with henotheistic solar cult of Sol Invictus from 274–380); Nicene Christianity; (officially from AD 380);
រដ្ឋាភិបាល	Semi-elective absolute monarchy (de facto)
	16 January 27 BC
- Constantinople; becomes capital	11 May 330
- Deposition of Romulus Augustus	4 September 476
- Murder of Julius Nepos	9 May 480
- Fourth Crusade	12 April 1204
- Reconquest of Constantinople	25 July 1261
ក្រឡាផ្ទៃ
25 BC	2750000 គ.ម២
AD 117	5000000 គ.ម២
AD 390	3400000 គ.ម២
ប្រជាជន
▪ 25 BC	56,800,000
រូបិយវត្ថុ	sestertius, aureus, solidus, nomisma
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	សាធារណរដ្ឋរ៉ូម
ចក្រភពរ៉ូមខាងលិច
ចក្រភពរ៉ូមខាងកើត

ចក្រភពរ៉ូម (ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស៖ Roman Empire, ភាសាឡាតាំង៖ Imperium Romanum, ភាសាអ៊ីតាលី៖ Impero Romano) គឺជាសម័យកាលនៃអរិយធម៌រ៉ូមបុរាណ ដែលមានលក្ខណៈអត្តាធិបតេយ្យពីរដ្ឋអំណាច និង មានវិសាលភាពដ៏ធំលាតសន្ធឹងនៅអឺរ៉ុប និងជុំវិញសមុទ្រមេឌីទែរ៉ានេទាំងមូល។ ពាក្យ "ចក្រភពរ៉ូម" ត្រូវបានគេប្រើដើម្បីពណ៌នាអំពីរដ្ឋរ៉ូមនៅក្នុង និងក្រោយរជ្ជកាលរបស់អធិរាជទី១ព្រះនាម "អូហ្គុសទុស" (Augustus) ។ សាធារណរដ្ឋរ៉ូម ដែលមានចំណាស់៥០០ឆ្នាំ បានធ្លាក់ចុះខ្សោយដោយសារសង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលជាច្រើន។ ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ជាច្រើន ត្រូវបានកើតឡើងដោយការប៉ុនប៉ងឲ្យមានការផ្លាស់ប្ដូរពីសាធារណរដ្ឋទៅជាចក្រភព រួមមានទាំងការតែងតាំង ជូលីស៍ សេសារ (Julius Caesar) ជាអ្នកកាន់អំណាចមួយជីវិត (ឆ្នាំ៤៥ មុនគ.ស) ជ័យជម្នះរបស់ player (អូហ្គុសទុស) នៅក្នុងការប្រយុទ្ធនៅ Actium (០២ កញ្ញា ៣១ មុនគ.ស) និង ការផ្ដល់បរមងារដល់ អូហ្គុសទុស ជាអធិរាជដោយព្រឹទ្ធសភារ៉ូម (១៦ មករា ២៧ មុនគ.ស) ។

ក្នុងភាសាឡាតាំង ពាក្យ Imperium Romanum (ចក្រភពរ៉ូម) បានបញ្ជាក់ឲ្យយើងដឹងយ៉ាងច្បាស់នូវការរីកចម្រើន ដែលពាក្យ Imperium មានន័យថាទឹកដី ដែលបានបង្ហាញពីផ្នែកនៃពិភពលោកដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់រ៉ូម។ ការរីកចម្រើនរបស់រ៉ូមបានចាប់ផ្ដើមតាំងពីសាធារណរដ្ឋមកម្ល៉េះ ប៉ុន្តែបានឈានឡើងដល់កំពូលនៅរជ្ជកាលរបស់អធិរាជ "ត្រាហ្សាន" (Trajan) ដែលនាពេលនោះ ចក្រភពរ៉ូមបានត្រួតត្រាលើផ្ទៃដីប្រមាណ ៥,៩០០,០០០ គីឡូម៉ែត្រក្រឡា។ ដោយសារតែអាណាចក្រដ៏ធំ និង ភាពយូរអង្វែងរបស់ចក្រភពរ៉ូម ឥទ្ធិពលរបស់រ៉ូម បានជះទៅលើ ភាសា សាសនា ស្ថាបត្យកម្ម ទស្សនវិជ្ជា ច្បាប់ និង របៀបគ្រប់គ្រងរដ្ឋ នៃប្រជាជាតិជាច្រើនលើសកលលោកសព្វថ្ងៃនេះ។

ក្រោយសតវត្សទី៣ នៃគ.ស Diocletian បានបង្កើតការបែងចែកប្រព័ន្ធគ្រប់គ្រងរវាងអធិរាជពីរ គឺមួយនៅភាគខាងលិច និង មួយនៅខាងកើត ដើម្បីឲ្យការគ្រប់គ្រងកាន់តែប្រសើរនៅលើអាណាចក្រដ៏ធំនេះ។ នៅសតវត្សក្រោយមកទៀត ការបែងចែកបែបនេះ។ ក្រោយមរណភាពរបស់អធិរាជ Theodosius ទី១ នៅគ.ស.៣៩៥ គ្មានអធិរាជណាមួយអាចគ្រប់គ្រងលើអាណាចក្រទាំងមូលបានទេ ដូច្នេះចក្រភពរ៉ូមទាំងមូល ត្រូវបែកទៅជាអាណាចក្រពីរដាច់ដោយឡែកពីគ្នាគឺ៖ ចក្រភពរ៉ូមខាងលិច និង ចក្រភពរ៉ូមខាងកើត (ចក្រភព Byzantine) ។ ចក្រភពរ៉ូមខាងលិចបានដួលរលំនៅគ.ស.៤៧៦ ចំណែកចក្រភពរ៉ូមខាងកើត បានបន្តរហូតដល់ការដួលរលំនៃក្រុងកុងស្តង់ទីណូប នាគ.ស.១៤៥៣ ដោយពួកអូតូម៉ង់ទួរគី ក្រោមការដឹកនាំរបស់ Mehmed II ។ មានការលំបាកជាខ្លាំង ក្នុងកំណត់ឲ្យបានច្បាស់ថាតើចក្រភពរ៉ូមចាប់ផ្ដើមពីពេលណា និងបញ្ចប់ត្រឹមណា ប៉ុន្តែក្នុងករណីនេះ យើងសង្កត់ធ្ងន់តែចក្រភពចាប់ពី ឆ្នាំ២៧ មុនគ.ស រហូតដល់ ការបែកបាក់នៃចក្រភព នាគ.ស.៣៩៥ ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ចប់

ឯកសារយោង

អត្ថបទនេះគឺជាអត្ថបទខ្លីមិនពេញលេញ។ លោកអ្នកអាចជួយវីគីភីឌាដោយសរសេរពង្រីកបន្ថែម។

↑ Wolff, Robert Lee (1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum 23 (1): 1–34, especially 2–3. DOI:10.2307/2853672.
↑ Morley, Neville (17 August 2010). The Roman Empire: Roots of Imperialism. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-7453-2870-6. ; Diamond, Jared (4 January 2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. p. 13. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-101-50200-6.
↑ Bennett (1997).
↑ ^៤,០ ^៤,១ DK (2023) (ជាen). Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 276. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-241-63575-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QrKTEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0.
↑ Classen, Albrecht (2010). "The changing shape of Europe" (ជាen). Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends. Walter de Gruyter. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-3-11-021558-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ez_edSWAQGAC&newbks=0. "Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople"
↑ Price, Jonathan J.; Finkelberg, Margalit; Shahar, Yuval (2022) (ជាen). Rome: An Empire of Many Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-009-25622-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=T4lmEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century"
↑ Erdkamp, Paul (2013) (ជាen). The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-521-89629-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=yaM0AAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople"
↑ Bjornlie, M. Shane (2013) (ជាen). Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527-554. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-107-02840-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3ebybOl0oC&newbks=0. "As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome"
↑ Coffler, Gail H. (2004) (ជាen). Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary. ABC-CLIO. pp. 181. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-313-07270-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GoZpiIpAEC&newbks=0. "It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire"
↑ Maxwell, Kathleen (2016). "Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches" (ជាen). Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches. Routledge. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-351-95584-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=G0uoDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople"
↑ Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (2012) (ជាen). Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. 237. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-19-992118-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HHlpAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0.
↑ Loewenstein, K. (2012) (ជាen). The Governance of ROME. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 443. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-94-010-2400-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7uMRBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0.
↑ Harris, Jonathan (2009) (ជាen). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. A&C Black. pp. 31. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-8264-3086-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=UTjUAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0.
↑ Treadgold (1997), p. 734.
↑ Tricht, Filip Van (2011) (ជាen). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). BRILL. pp. 61–82. ល.ស.ប.អ. 9789004203235. https://books.google.com/books?id=JlnPm2riK1UC&q=imperator+constantinopolitanus&pg=PA68.
↑ ^១៦,០ ^១៦,១ ^១៦,២ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History 3 (3/4). DOI:10.2307/1170959.
↑ (2006)"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2). ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved on 9 ឧសភា 2023.
↑ Durand, John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review 3 (3): 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891.

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[1] Wolff, Robert Lee (1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum 23 (1): 1–34, especially 2–3. DOI:10.2307/2853672.

[3] Morley, Neville (17 August 2010). The Roman Empire: Roots of Imperialism. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-7453-2870-6. ; Diamond, Jared (4 January 2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed: Revised Edition. p. 13. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-101-50200-6.

[FOOTNOTEBennett1997-4] Bennett (1997).

[:1-6] ៤,០ ^៤,១ DK (2023) (ជាen). Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 276. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-241-63575-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QrKTEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0.

[7] Classen, Albrecht (2010). "The changing shape of Europe" (ជាen). Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends. Walter de Gruyter. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-3-11-021558-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ez_edSWAQGAC&newbks=0. "Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople"

[8] Price, Jonathan J.; Finkelberg, Margalit; Shahar, Yuval (2022) (ជាen). Rome: An Empire of Many Nations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-009-25622-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=T4lmEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century"

[9] Erdkamp, Paul (2013) (ជាen). The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-521-89629-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=yaM0AAAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople"

[10] Bjornlie, M. Shane (2013) (ជាen). Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527-554. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-107-02840-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3ebybOl0oC&newbks=0. "As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome"

[11] Coffler, Gail H. (2004) (ជាen). Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary. ABC-CLIO. pp. 181. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-313-07270-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GoZpiIpAEC&newbks=0. "It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire"

[12] Maxwell, Kathleen (2016). "Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches" (ជាen). Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches. Routledge. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-351-95584-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=G0uoDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0. "Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople"

[13] Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (2012) (ជាen). Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. 237. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-19-992118-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HHlpAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0.

[14] Loewenstein, K. (2012) (ជាen). The Governance of ROME. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 443. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-94-010-2400-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7uMRBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0.

[15] Harris, Jonathan (2009) (ជាen). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. A&C Black. pp. 31. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-0-8264-3086-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=UTjUAwAAQBAJ&newbks=0.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997734-17] Treadgold (1997), p. 734.

[:0-18] Tricht, Filip Van (2011) (ជាen). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). BRILL. pp. 61–82. ល.ស.ប.អ. 9789004203235. https://books.google.com/books?id=JlnPm2riK1UC&q=imperator+constantinopolitanus&pg=PA68.

[size-20] ១៦,០ ^១៦,១ ^១៦,២ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History 3 (3/4). DOI:10.2307/1170959.

[East-West-21] (2006)"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2). ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved on 9 ឧសភា 2023.

[22] Durand, John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review 3 (3): 253–296. DOI:10.2307/1971891.

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