សង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិលអាមេរិក

សង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិលអាមេរិក
	; Clockwise from top left: Battle of Stones River; Confederate prisoners of war; Battle of Fort Hindman.
កាលបរិច្ឆេទ	April 12, 1861 – May 10, 1865 (by declaration); (4 ឆ្នាំ, 3 សប្ដាហ៍ និង 6 ថ្ងៃ); (last shot fired June 22, 1865)
ទីតាំង	Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean
លទ្ធផល	Union victory Slavery abolished; Territorial integrity preserved; Lincoln assassinated five days after Lee's surrender; Dissolution of the Confederacy; Beginning of the Reconstruction Era;
ភាគីសង្គ្រាម
សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក	Confederate States
មេបញ្ជាការ និង មេដឹកនាំ
Abraham Lincoln; Edwin M. Stanton; Ulysses S. Grant; William T. Sherman; David Farragut; David D. Porter; and others	Jefferson Davis; Judah P. Benjamin; Robert E. Lee; Joseph E. Johnston; Raphael Semmes; Josiah Tattnall and others
កម្លាំង
2,100,000	1,064,000
សហេតុភាព និង ការខាងបង់
110,000 Army killed in action/dead of wounds ; 25,000 Army dead in Confederate prisons ; 2,260 Navy/Marines killed ; ; ~ 365,000 total dead; 275,200 wounded	75,000 killed in action/dead of wounds (incomplete data) ; 26,000–31,000 Army dead in Union prisons ; ; ; ; ~260,000 total dead; 137,000+ wounded

ទំព័រគំរូ:Campaignbox American Civil War

សង្រា្គមស៊ីវិលអាមេរិក ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាសង្រ្គាមរវាងរដ្ឋនិងរដ្ឋ ឫក៏គ្រាន់តែជាសង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិលនៅក្នុងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ដែលនៅក្នុងកំឡុងឆ្នាំ (១៨១៦ទៅ១៨៦៥)ចាប់តាំងពីរដ្ឋខាងត្បូងបានប្រកាសផ្ដាច់ខ្លួនចេញពីគ្នាគឺ អាមេរិក ខន់ហ្វីដឺរាស៊ី និង អាមេរិកខាងជើង ដែលក្នុងនោះមានរដ្ឋចំនួន១១ ។សង្គ្រាមនេះប្រភពដើមមកពីរបញ្ហាទាំសភាព និងបញ្ហាឈ្លានពានទឹកដីនៅភាគខាងលិច។ មហាអំណាចបរទេសមិនព្រមជួយធ្វើអន្តរាគម៍។ ក្រោយពីសង្រ្គាមអស់រយៈ៤ឆ្នាំបានធ្វើឲ្យទាហានជាង ៦០០០០០នាក់ស្លាប់ និងបានបំផ្លាញហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័នជាច្រើន និងបានបំផ្លាញពួកខន់ហ្វីដឺរាស៊ីនៅភាគខាងត្បូងជាច្រើន ហើយវាពិតជាពិកបាកខ្លាំងណាស់ក្នុងការកសាងឡើងវិញ និងឯកភាពជាតិបានធានាសិទ្ធពីស៊ីវិលឲ្យដោះលែងទាសករមកវិញ។

នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៨៦០ ពួកសារធារណៈរដ្ឋនិយមបានធ្វើការបោះឆ្នោតដែលមានមេដឹកនាំដោយប្រធានាធិបតី អប្រាហាំលីនខុន ជំទាស់និងការពង្រីកនៃទាសភាពចូលទឹកដីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក លីនខុនបានឈ្នះការបោះឆ្នោត ប៉ុន្តែមុនពេលគាត់សម្ភោធនៅខែ មិនា ៤ ១៨១៦ រដ្ឋតូចៗចំនួន ៧ រួមជាមួយនិងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចកប្បាសដែលត្រូវបង្កើតឡើងដោយពួកខន់ហ្វីដឺរាស៊ី។ប្រាំមួយថ្ងៃដំបូងការធ្វើរបបគមន៏នៃទាសករមានសមាត្រខ្ពស់បំផុតចំនួន ៤៨,៨%ប្រជាជនរបស់ពូកគេសម្រាប់ប្រាំមួយថ្ងៃនេះ។

លោកប្រធានាធិបតី ចាម៉ាស បូចានាន់ និងសារណៈរដ្ឋបានផ្តាច់ខ្លួនចេញ នេះជាការខុសច្បាប់។តាមរយៈការអះអាងរបស់លោក លីនខុនជាប្រមុខរដ្ឋបាននិយាយថាគាត់មិនបានផ្តួចផ្តើមនៃសង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិលនេះទេ ហើយពួកខន់ហ្វីដឺរាស៊ីបានអះអាងបន្ថែមទៀតថាកងកម្លាំងសហព័ន្ធ ហ្វូត បានរឹបអូសទឹកដីសហព័្នន្ធជាច្រើន។សន្និសិទ្ធសន្តិភាពមួយត្រូវបានបរាជ័យក្នុងគោលបំណងសម្របសម្រួលរវាងភាគីទាំងសងខាង ដូចជាការរៀបចំឡើងនូវសង្រ្គាមទាំងពីរ។ សហព័ន្ធនេះបានសន្មត់ថាបណ្តាប្រទេសនៅអឺរ៉ុបបានសង្ឃឹមទៅលើស្តេច ឃីង ចុតទុន ដែលពួកគេនិងធ្វើអន្តរាគមន៏, គ្មាននណាម្នាក់ហើយក៏គ្មានម្នាក់ព្រមទទួលស្គាល់សហព័ន្ធអាមេរិកថ្មីរបស់អាមេរិកទេ។

អាទិភាពបានចាប់ផ្តើមនៅខែ មេសា ១២១៨៦១ ខណៈពេលដែលកងកម្លាំងសហភាពមកលើ ហ្វរ ស៊មធើ ដែលជាបន្ទាយដ៏ធំមួយដោយធ្វើឡើងដោយកងទ័ពសហភាពនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋ ការ៉ូលីណា ខាងជើង។ ពេលនេះ លីនខុនបានអំពាចនាវឲ្យកងព័ទពង្រឹងឡើងវិញនូវ ហ្វត់នេះ។ ដូចនេះរដ្ឋតូចៗទាំងបួន រួមទាំង ខន់ហ្វីដឺរាស៊ី សរុបជាង១១រដ្ឋ។ហើយថ្មីៗនេះសហភាពរដ្ឋគ្រប់គ្រងព្រំដែននិងជាការបង្កើតឲ្យមានភាពរាំងស្ទះផ្នែកសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជើងទឹកខាងត្បូង។ ដោយសារតែមានពត៍មានមិនច្បាស់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៨៦១ ១៨៦១ ថាកាលរដូវស្លឹកឈើជ្រុះឆ្នាំ១៨៦២ យុទ្ធនាកាសហភាពរបស់រដ្ឋ ម៉ារី ឡែន(រដ្ឋសហភាព)បានបញ្ចប់ជាមួយនិងការចាកចេញសហព័ន្ធនៅសមរភូមិ អឺតិតាម ទប់ស្កាត់ការអន្តរាគម៍នៃជនជាតិអង់គ្លេស។

លីនខន់បានចេញសេចក្តីប្រកាសថានឹងរំដោះខ្លួនចេញ បន្ទាប់ពីរការបញ្ឈប់គោលដៅនៃសង្រ្គាមទាសភាព។

References

Notes

Citations

↑ "The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Associated Press. 1865-05-10. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
1 2 Fox, William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War (1889)
1 2 3 "Official DOD data". Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
↑ Chambers 1999, p. 849.
"Civil War Refugees". Oklahoma Historical Society. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
Forrest McDonald, States' Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776–1876 (2002)
"Lincoln's Call for Troops".
Bornstein, David (April 14, 2011). "Lincoln's Call to Arms". Opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-08-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (September 1983).
"Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
Nofi, Al (June 13, 2001). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
"United States Volunteers – Indian Troops". civilwararchive.com. January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). "Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days". University of Illinois. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
David W. Blight, Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory (2001)
William Marvel, Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox (2002) pp. 158–81.
Stephen B. Oates, The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861, p. 125.
Railroad length is from: Chauncey Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War, History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011, pg. 28
Clement Eaton, Freedom of Thought in the Old South (1940)
James McPherson, Why did the Confederacy Lose?. p. ?.
Gaines M. Foster (1988), Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913.
Mark A. Weitz (2005), More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army.
Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher, eds. (2009), Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War (U. of North Carolina Press).
Curry, Richard Orr (1964), A House Divided, A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, map on page 49.
C. Vann Woodward (1971), American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue, p.281.
Ella Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War (1928), pp. 205–6.
Robert Fantina, Desertion and the American soldier, 1776–2006 (2006), p. 74
The Economist, "The Civil War: Finally Passing", April 2, 2011, pp. 23–25.
Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (2005).
Abraham Lincoln, Cooper Union Address, New York, February 27, 1860.
John Hope Franklin, The Militant South 1800–1861 (1956).
Gary Gallagher, Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008)
Mark E. Neely Jr.; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004, pp. 434+
Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.
Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.
Mark Johnson, That body of brave men: the U.S. regular infantry and the Civil War in the West (2003) p. 575.
Eugene Murdock, One million men: the Civil War draft in the North (1971).
"U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands". National Geographic News. July 1, 2003.
Avery Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861 (1953).
Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (2000); Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (2005).
Nevins, The War for the Union (1959) 1:119-29.
Nevins, The War for the Union (1959) 1:129-36.
Allan Nevins, War for the Union 1862–1863, pp. 263–264.
Frank J. Williams, "Doing Less and Doing More: The President and the Proclamation—Legally, Militarily and Politically," in Harold Holzer, ed. The Emancipation Proclamation (2006) pp. 74–5.
Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (1981) p. 198; Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1969).
Albert Burton Moore. Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924) online edition.
Barnet Schecter, The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America (2007).
"Republican Platform of 1860," in Kirk H. Porter, and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National Party Platforms, 1840–1956, (University of Illinois Press, 1956) p. 32.
Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970).
Charles S. Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819–1848 (1948).
Robert Royal Russel, Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism, 1840–1861 (1973).
Richard Wightman Fox (2008)."National Life After Death". Slate.com.
Bertram Wyatt-Brown, The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s–1880s (2000).
Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus, Georgia and the Battle of West Point.
Frank Taussig, The Tariff History of the United States (1931), pp. 115–61
Hamner, Christopher. "Great Expectations for the Civil War." Teachinghistory.org Archived 2018-09-26 at the វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន.. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, pp. 263–296.
President James Buchanan, Message of December 8, 1860. Retrieved 2012-11-28.

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External links

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Civil War in the American South Archived 2021-03-13 at the វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. – An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War-era items—books, pamphlets, broadsides, letters, maps, personal papers, and manuscripts—held at ASERL member libraries
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[NYT_JD_Cap-1] "The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Associated Press. 1865-05-10. Retrieved 2013-12-23.

[civilwarhome.com-2] 1 2 Fox, William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War (1889)

[Official_DOD_data-3] 1 2 3 "Official DOD data". Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2014-05-31.

[FOOTNOTEChambers1999849-4] Chambers 1999, p. 849.

[Civil_War_Refugees-5] "Civil War Refugees". Oklahoma Historical Society. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 2008-08-10.

[Forrest_McDonald_2002-6] Forrest McDonald, States' Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776–1876 (2002)

[Lincoln's_Call_for_Troops-7] "Lincoln's Call for Troops".

[Lincoln's_Call_to_Arms-8] Bornstein, David (April 14, 2011). "Lincoln's Call to Arms". Opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-08-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[McPhersonExceptionalism-9] James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (September 1983).

[Proclamation_83_–_Increasing_the_Size_of_the_Army_and_Navy-10] "Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-03.

[StatsWarCost-11] Nofi, Al (June 13, 2001). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-10-14.

[United_States_Volunteers_–_Indian_Troops-12] "United States Volunteers – Indian Troops". civilwararchive.com. January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-10.

[WarLeader-13] Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). "Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days". University of Illinois. Retrieved 2007-10-16.

[american83-14] David W. Blight, Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory (2001)

[appomattox-15] William Marvel, Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox (2002) pp. 158–81.

[approaching-16] Stephen B. Oates, The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861, p. 125.

[census74-17] Railroad length is from: Chauncey Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.

[charleston-18] Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War, History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011, pg. 28

[clement-19] Clement Eaton, Freedom of Thought in the Old South (1940)

[confederacy-20] James McPherson, Why did the Confederacy Lose?. p. ?.

[confederacy84-21] Gaines M. Foster (1988), Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913.

[confederate36-22] Mark A. Weitz (2005), More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army.

[controversy-23] Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher, eds. (2009), Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War (U. of North Carolina Press).

[copperhead-24] Curry, Richard Orr (1964), A House Divided, A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, map on page 49.

[counterpoint-25] C. Vann Woodward (1971), American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue, p.281.

[desertion-26] Ella Lonn, Desertion during the Civil War (1928), pp. 205–6.

[desertion37-27] Robert Fantina, Desertion and the American soldier, 1776–2006 (2006), p. 74

[economist-28] The Economist, "The Civil War: Finally Passing", April 2, 2011, pp. 23–25.

[expansion-29] Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (2005).

[february-30] Abraham Lincoln, Cooper Union Address, New York, February 27, 1860.

[franklin-31] John Hope Franklin, The Militant South 1800–1861 (1956).

[gallagher-32] Gary Gallagher, Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008)

[history-33] Mark E. Neely Jr.; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004, pp. 434+

[inaugural-34] Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.

[inaugural29-35] Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.

[infantry-36] Mark Johnson, That body of brave men: the U.S. regular infantry and the Civil War in the West (2003) p. 575.

[murdock-37] Eugene Murdock, One million men: the Civil War draft in the North (1971).

[nationalgeographic-38] "U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands". National Geographic News. July 1, 2003.

[nationalism-39] Avery Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861 (1953).

[nationalism19-40] Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (2000); Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (2005).

[nevins-41] Nevins, The War for the Union (1959) 1:119-29.

[nevins26-42] Nevins, The War for the Union (1959) 1:129-36.

[nevins73-43] Allan Nevins, War for the Union 1862–1863, pp. 263–264.

[proclamation-44] Frank J. Williams, "Doing Less and Doing More: The President and the Proclamation—Legally, Militarily and Politically," in Harold Holzer, ed. The Emancipation Proclamation (2006) pp. 74–5.

[progressive-45] Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (1981) p. 198; Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1969).

[questia-46] Albert Burton Moore. Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924) online edition.

[reconstruct-47] Barnet Schecter, The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America (2007).

[republican18-48] "Republican Platform of 1860," in Kirk H. Porter, and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National Party Platforms, 1840–1956, (University of Illinois Press, 1956) p. 32.

[republican21-49] Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970).

[sectionalism-50] Charles S. Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819–1848 (1948).

[sectionalism17-51] Robert Royal Russel, Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism, 1840–1861 (1973).

[slate-52] Richard Wightman Fox (2008)."National Life After Death". Slate.com.

[southern-53] Bertram Wyatt-Brown, The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s–1880s (2000).

[surrender-54] Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus, Georgia and the Battle of West Point.

[taussig-55] Frank Taussig, The Tariff History of the United States (1931), pp. 115–61

[teachinghistory-56] Hamner, Christopher. "Great Expectations for the Civil War." Teachinghistory.org Archived 2018-09-26 at the វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន.. Retrieved 2011-07-11.

[terrible-57] Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, pp. 263–296.

[ucsb-58] President James Buchanan, Message of December 8, 1860. Retrieved 2012-11-28.

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សង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិលអាមេរិក

See also

References

Further reading

External links