ការប្រកួតប្រជែងសម្រស់

ពីវិគីភីឌា
Miss Grand International
ឯកសារ:Miss Grand Logo.png
ប្រភេទInternational women's beauty pageant
ទី​ស្នាក់ការកណ្ដាលBangkok, Thailand
ភាសា​ផ្លូវ​ការEnglish
President and founder
Nawat Itsaragrisil
គេហទំព័រmissgrandinternational.com

Miss Grand International also known as Miss Grand is a beauty pageant franchise based in Thailand. It consists of the annual national pageant Miss Grand Thailand, as well as the international competition Miss Grand International, to which participating rights are licensed to organizers in other countries.

The franchise has been owned and run by a Thai stock exchange-listed company with the same name, also known as MGI PCL, since its inception in 2013,[១][២] with Nawat Itsaragrisil as the president.[៣]

The current Miss Grand International is Luciana Fuster of Peru who was crowned on 25 October 2023.[៤]

History[កែប្រែ]

Miss Grand International was founded in 2013 by Nawat Itsaragrisil, a Thai television host and producer. The pageant was founded in Thailand amidst a political crisis, inspiring the organizers to use the slogan 'No mob, Stop the Wars' as part of its identity,[៥] later rephrased to 'Stop the War and Violence' in the following year.[៦][៧][៨] The pageant aims to promote peace by being against all kinds of conflicts.[៩][៦]

The pageant has primarily been focusing on humanitarian issues with the reigning titleholders dedicating their year to work as the organization's spokesperson as well as involved in the charity events related to the said campaigns.[៩][១០] For instance, corresponding with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to raise funds available for humanitarian aid,[១១] visiting and donated necessities to the internally displaced people in the refugee camps,[១២][១៣][១៤][១៥] being the guest speaker at the related events and act as the ambassador of the NGOs (e.g., Catholic Medical Mission Board, Model United Nations),[១៦][១៧] or taking part in any projects of the local charitable organization in the visited countries.[១៦][១៨][១៩] Before 2021, the winner of the contest, together with all runners-up, often serve as the campaigners of the Tourism Authority of Thailand, to promote the tourism industry of the pageant-based country.[២០][២១]

The contest features contestants selected by licensees in each country. Its first three competitions were held in Thailand under the sponsorship of the country's government and televised worldwide via Channel 7,[៧] while subsequent events have also taken place overseas,[២២] and was broadcast via the local television channels together with the social media platforms including its official YouTube channel and Facebook page.[២៣]

In 2019, the pageant was being held in Venezuela amid the country's political crisis; several candidates withdrew from the competition due to security concerns and visa regulation problems, such as South Korea, Cambodia, and Laos.[២៤][២៥][២៦][២៧] Later in 2020, the pageant was also scheduled to be held in Venezuela on 25 October but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was postponed to 2021 and the venue was moved to Bangkok, Thailand.[២៨]

Contestant selection[កែប្រែ]

Spanish preliminary pageant for Miss Grand International, Miss Grand Spain 2019, held at Hotel Campomar in Cantabria on 6 July 2019

The contestants of each edition of the pageant were selected by the franchise holder in respective countries or territories, through either a national contest, internal casting, or being hand-picked.[២៩][៣០] In its first decade, due to being a newly established pageant, almost half of the participating contestants were appointed; no national pageant was held. Nonetheless, in pageant-popular countries, especially in the Far East and the Americas,[២៥] annual national pageants are usually being held to crown a winner for the Miss Grand International pageant.[៣១] For example, Miss Grand Cambodia, Miss Grand Malaysia, Miss Grand Nepal, and Miss Grand Paraguay.[៣២][៣៣][៣៤][៣៥] Some of the participatants were the runner-up or obtained the title in other national pageants, e.g. the delegates from Femina Miss India (2015–2021), Binibining Pilipinas (2013, 2015 – 2022), Miss Mexico (2017 – 2020),[៣៦][៣៧][៣៨] Felvidék Szépe (2015 – 2017), etc.[៣៩][៤០][៤១]

Despite not being considered an economically popular event in Europe and Africa, many countries have conducted national pageants separately for Miss Grand, for instance, Albania,[៤២] Kosovo,[៤៣] Spain,[៤៤][៤៥] France,[៤៦] Italy,[៤៧] and South Africa. In Spain, Italy, and several countries in Asia, each administrative division (i.e. province, state, region) holds a preliminary competition to choose their delegate for the national pageant.[៤៤][៤៧][៤៨][៤៩] Moreover, in some provinces of Spain, Malaysia, and Thailand, third-level divisions' pageants are also held to determine delegates for the provincial competition, in which winners hold the title "Miss Grand (Province)" for the year of their reign.[៤៤][៥០][៤៩] Unfortunately, cultural impediments in the swimsuit competition have precluded some countries, such as ultraconservative and Muslim countries, from participating,[៥១][៥២] while some countries have not participated because of a lacking of funding.[៥៣]

Although the title of Miss Grand pageant was global registered copyright, some national or local pageants unrelated to the Miss Grand International has been observed such as the Azerbaijan model search contest named "Miss and Mister Grand Azerbaijan" which was organized by Elxan Pashayev since 2018,[៥៤][៥៥] '"Miss Zimbabwe Grand", headed by Farai Zembeni since 2019, the pageant finalists participate in various continental contests in Africa,[៥៦][៥៧] as well as the local pageant in the Bahamas, "Miss Grand Bahama", established in 1970, which the name "Grand Bahama" refer to the third largest island in the northernmost region of the country.[៥៨]

Main pageant[កែប្រែ]

Miss Grand International is the platform's annual international beauty pageant. Its inaugural edition was held in Bangkok in 2013 under sponsorship from Thailand's government[៧][៥៩] and featured 73 participating countries; the inaugural titleholder was Janelee Chaparro of Puerto Rico.[៦០][៦១] In 2016, the pageant was held for the first time outside Thailand, at Westgate Las Vegas, Las Vegas, US, on 25 October.[២៣] Since 2015, the grand final is usually held on 25 October each year. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 and 2021 editions of the pageant were delayed, the 2020 edition was first scheduled to be held on 25 October 2020, but was postponed to 27 March 2021, and the venue was also moved to Bangkok, Thailand,[២៨] similar to the 2021 edition which was held in December 2021, two months behind the traditional schedule.[៦២]

The current Miss Grand International titleholder is Luciana Fuster of Peru, who was crowned on 25 October 2023 at Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam making her the second woman from Peru to win the crown.

Edition Date Final venue Host country Entrants Ref.
2013 19 November Impact Arena, Muang Thong Thani, Nonthaburi Thailand 71 [៦០]
2014 7 October Indoor Stadium Huamark, Bangkok 85 [៦៣]
2015 25 October 77 [៥៩]
2016 Westgate Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada United States 74 [៦៤]
2017 Vinpearl Convention Center, Phú Quốc Vietnam 77 [៦៥]
2018 The One Entertainment Park, Yangon Myanmar 75 [៦៦]
2019 Poliedro de Caracas, Caracas Venezuela 60 [៦៧]
2020 27 March 2021 Show DC Hall, Bangkok Thailand 63 [៦៨]
2021 4 December 59 [៦២]
2022 25 October Sentul International Convention Center, West Java Indonesia 68 [៦៩]
2023 Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 69 [៧០]
2024 Yangon Myanmar [៧១]

Pre-pageant activities[កែប្រែ]

The pre-pageant activities of Miss Grand International usually consist of three main events, the swimsuit competition, a national costume parade, and the preliminary contest. The swimsuit competition is organized at a separate venue to determine the winner of the Best in Swimsuit award while the national costume and the preliminary round of each edition are usually held at the same venue of the grand final round.[៧២][៧៣] All aforementioned events are live streamed via the pageant's Facebook and YouTube accounts.[៧៣] In the preliminary round, all contestants will compete in swimwear and evening gowns in front of a panel of preliminary judges.[៧៣] Each round of the preliminary competition and the Swimsuit competition will determine the winner of Best Evening Gown and Best in Swimsuit awards which will be announced later on the final stage of the contest as well as the winner of other special awards including Best National Costume and Miss Popular vote. Moreover, the scores from all ancillary events, preliminary competition, together with a closed-door interview portion and the swimsuit competition, also determine the Top 20 finalists during the grand final telecast of the pageant.[៧៤]

Grand Final[កែប្រែ]

The opening show of the 2021 grand final, performed by Abena Appiah Miss Grand International 2020 together with all 2021 delegates

The grand final of the pageant is usually broadcast worldwide on television and the social media platforms of the pageant. As the tradition of the pageant, twenty semi-finalists are chosen from the initial pool of contestants through observation during the entire pageant, a closed-door interview, swimsuit round as well as a preliminary competition, which featured contestants competing in swimsuits and evening gowns.[៧៤][៧៥] However, the "Country of the year" was first introduced in 2020 edition, which was selected by the audience on social networks.[៩][៧៦] The winner of this category automatically enters the twenty finalists regardless of all previous scores.[៧៦] The Top 20 would then compete in a swimsuit competition, with 10 of them advancing to the Top 10,[៧៥] this number eventually was reduced to 9 with the 10th semi-finalist being the Top Popularity Winner determined through mobile voting,[៧៤][៩] all 10 semi-finalists would then compete in an evening gown and give their speeches with a ‘Stop the War and Violence' theme.[៧៧][៧៨]

After the speech round and evening gown competitions, the judges then select the top five to compete in the question-and-answer portion,[៧៥][៧៧] where all entrants will be asked the same question about an ongoing global situation; such as the management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis,[៧៩] the 2016 United States presidential election,[១០][៦៤] and the ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis in Venezuela.[៨០] The judges will select the winner based on their answer and all previous accumulate scores, then the host will sequentially announce the fourth, third and second runners-up.[៨១][៨២] The last 2 candidates of the top 5 finalists will stand in the center of the stage then one of them will be named Miss Grand International.[៩][៨១][៨៣][៨៤][៨២]

Crowns and awards[កែប្រែ]

As the tradition of this pageant, the crown of the title holders, known as the Golden Crown, has been set to be changed every 3 years,[៨៥] all versions of the Golden Crown are made of gold and brass for structural integrity, while the exterior is adorned by diamond, and emerald.[២២] Its first version was designed by a Thai jewellery design company, God Diamond, headed by Chawalit Chommuang,[៨៦] and was used for the first three editions of the pageant.[២២] The crown used from 2016 – 2018 (2nd version) and 2019 – 2021 (3rd version) was designed by an unrevealed company and George Wittels, respectively.[២២][៦៧][៨៧]

The latest version of the golden crown, which was going to be used for the 2022 – 2024 edition, was also made by a Venezuelan jewellery designer, George Wittels,[៨៨] who signed as the official jewel sponsor of the Miss Grand International Organization during 2019 – 2024.[៦៧][៨៧] He additionally designed the crown for all four runners-up of the pageant since the 2019 edition, the first time that the organization provided the crown for the runner-up positions.[៨៧]

Since 2014, the organizer has also been offering USD$ 40,000 cash to each year winner for spending a year work as the organization's spokesperson in its campaign,[៣៣][៨៩][៨១][៩០] the prize was increased from USD$ 30,000 in 2013;[៦១][៩០] however, some Vietnamese media published that Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên earned USD$ 60,000 for winning the contest in 2021.[៨៥] Furthermore, all four runners-up of each edition, also received cash prizes, ABS-CBN reported that Samantha Bernardo of the Philippines got USD$ 6,000 in cash after she had obtained the first runner-up title at the Miss Grand International 2020 pageant in Bangkok, Thailand,[៩១] Vartika Singh of India received USD$ 4,000 for her second runner-up finish at the 2015 edition,[៩២][៩៣] and 3,000 and US$$2,000 for the third and fourth runners-up, respectively.[៩៣] Besides the finalists, the winner of each special award also received a prize; approximately USD$ 1,000 – 3,000 according to the 2013 to 2015 contests.[៩០][៩៣][៩៤][៩៥]

After relinquishing the crown to the successor, the immediate predecessor is provided with a replica tiara; the replica is usually produced by the same designer as its master.

Gallery of Miss Grand International crowns
  • The first edition of the golden crown, as worn by Miss Grand International 2014, Lees Garcia
    The first edition of the golden crown, as worn by Miss Grand International 2014, Lees Garcia
  • The second edition of the golden crown, as worn by Miss Grand International 2018, Clara Sosa
    The second edition of the golden crown, as worn by Miss Grand International 2018, Clara Sosa
  • The third edition of the golden crown, as worn by Miss Grand International 2020, Abena Appiah
    The third edition of the golden crown, as worn by Miss Grand International 2020, Abena Appiah

Recent Titleholders[កែប្រែ]

Edition Country Titleholder National Title Venue of Competition Number of Entrants
2013
  Puerto Rico Janelee Chaparro[៩៦] Miss Grand Puerto Rico 2013 Nonthaburi, Thailand
71
2014
  Cuba Lees Garcia[៩៧] Miss Grand Cuba 2014 Bangkok, Thailand
85
2015
  Dominican Republic Anea Garcia[lower-alpha ១][៩៨] Miss Grand Dominican Republic 2015
77
 Australia Claire Elizabeth Parke[lower-alpha ២][៩៨] Miss Grand Australia 2015
2016
  Indonesia Ariska Putri Pertiwi[១០០] Puteri Indonesia Perdamaian 2016 Las Vegas, United States
74
2017
  Peru María José Lora[១០១] Miss Grand Peru 2017 Phú Quốc, Vietnam
77
2018
  Paraguay Clara Sosa[១០២] Miss Grand Paraguay 2018 Yangon, Myanmar
75
2019
  Venezuela Valentina Figuera[២៨] El Concurso by Osmel Sousa 2018 Caracas, Venezuela
60
2020
  United States Abena Appiah[១០៣] Miss Grand United States of America 2020 Bangkok, Thailand[lower-alpha ៣]
63
2021
  Vietnam Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên[១០៥] Miss Grand Vietnam 2021
59
2022
  Brazil Isabella Menin[១០៦] Miss Grand Brazil 2022 West Java, Indonesia
68
2023
  Peru Luciana Fuster[១០៧] Miss Grand Peru 2023 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
69
Winners gallery
  • Miss Grand International 2023 Luciana Fuster  Peru
    Miss Grand International 2023
    Luciana Fuster
     Peru
  • Miss Grand International 2022 Isabella Menin  Brazil
    Miss Grand International 2022
    Isabella Menin
     Brazil
  • Miss Grand International 2021 Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên  Vietnam
    Miss Grand International 2021
    Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên
     Vietnam
  • Miss Grand International 2020 Abena Appiah  United States
    Miss Grand International 2020
    Abena Appiah
     United States
  • Miss Grand International 2019 Valentina Figuera  Venezuela
    Miss Grand International 2019
    Valentina Figuera
     Venezuela
  • Miss Grand International 2018 Clara Sosa  Paraguay
    Miss Grand International 2018
    Clara Sosa
     Paraguay
  • Miss Grand International 2017 María José Lora  Peru
    Miss Grand International 2017
    María José Lora
     Peru
  • Miss Grand International 2016 Ariska Putri Pertiwi  Indonesia
    Miss Grand International 2016
    Ariska Putri Pertiwi
     Indonesia
  • Miss Grand International 2015 Claire Elizabeth Parker  Australia
    Miss Grand International 2015
    Claire Elizabeth Parker
     Australia
  • Miss Grand International 2014 Lees Garcia  Cuba
    Miss Grand International 2014
    Lees Garcia
     Cuba
  • Miss Grand International 2013 Janelee Chaparro  Puerto Rico
    Miss Grand International 2013
    Janelee Chaparro
     Puerto Rico
Notes
  1. ↑ Anea Garcia was dethroned because Garcia could not fulfill her duties during her reign as Miss Grand International.[៩៨]
  2. ↑ Claire Elizabeth Parker, the 2015 winner, was originally placed 1st Runner-Up but was assumed as the winner after the original titleholder was dethroned. Later, Parker terminated her title in 2019 for participating in Miss Universe Australia 2019 pageant.[៩៩]
  3. ↑ The 2020 edition was originally to be organized in Caracas, Venezuela but was transposed to Thailand twice after the COVID-19 pandemic.[១០៤]

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Cite error: <ref> tag with name "fn2" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.


References[កែប្រែ]

  1. ↑ "Miss Grand International PCL: Company Info". Bloomberg. 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  2. ↑ Bloomberg (23 February 2024). "Thai beauty pageant's 900% rally defies warning, beats Miss Universe". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  3. ↑ Anuchit Nguyen (23 February 2024). "Thai Beauty Pageant's 900% Rally Defies Warning, Beats Miss Universe". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  4. ↑ Renata Souza (25 October 2022). "Brasileira Isabella Menin vence edição 2022 do concurso Miss Grand International". CNN Brazil (in ព័រទុយហ្គាល់). Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  5. ↑ ""เจนลี ซาปาโร" สาวเปอร์โตริโก คว้ามงกุฎมิสแกรนด์ อินเตอร์ฯ คนแรกของโลก". Manager Daily (in ថៃ). 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  6. ↑ ៦,០ ៦,១ Debarati S Sen (14 October 2021). "Shivani Jadhav: I've always wanted to represent India on an International platform". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  7. ↑ ៧,០ ៧,១ ៧,២ "Miss Grand International 2015 winner Anea Garcia steps down". Rappler. 24 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  8. ↑ Lean Jinghui (29 March 2021). "'There are so many people dying': Myanmar beauty queen speaks out against deadly crackdown in country". Mothership.sg. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  9. ↑ ៩,០ ៩,១ ៩,២ ៩,៣ ៩,៤ Earl D.C. Bracamonte (28 March 2021). "Miss USA is first Black contender to win Miss Grand International crown". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  10. ↑ ១០,០ ១០,១ "Indonesia's Ariska Putri Pertiwi crowned Miss Grand International 2016". The Indian Express. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  11. ↑ "คุณลีส์ กราเซีย มิสแกรนด์ อินเตอร์เนชั่นนอล 2557 และกรุงเทพมหานคร ร่วมกิจกรรมระดมทุนของ UNHCR ที่สวนวัชรเบญจทัศ". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (in ថៃ). 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  12. ↑ Bianca Britton (26 October 2016). "Miss Iceland quits pageant after being told to lose weight". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  13. ↑ "Miss Grand International visit Kobani". Miss Grand International. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  14. ↑ "Lees Garcia – Miss Grand International 2014 Inside The Refugee Camp". Miss Grand International. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  15. ↑ "Hoa hậu Thuỳ Tiên và phó chủ tịch Miss Grand mặc áo đôi khi cùng đi từ thiện ở Romania". Kênh 14 (in វៀតណាម). 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  16. ↑ ១៦,០ ១៦,១ "Miss Grand International Returns to Trujillo". Catholic Medical Mission Board. 7 November 2018. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  17. ↑ "Clara Sosa to be the guest speaker for Global Goals Model United Nations 2019". The Times of India. 4 January 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  18. ↑ Annissa Wulan (23 July 2018). "Keseruan Maria Jose Lora, Miss Grand International 2017 di Indonesia". Liputan 6 (in ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី). Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  19. ↑ "คนสวยใจบุญ!! ครอบครัว"มิสแกรนด์"แบ่งปันความสุขผู้พิการสถานสงเคราะห์พระประแดง". Matichon (in ថៃ). 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  20. ↑ Jannielyn Ann Bigtas (17 April 2017). "Nicole Cordoves joins other Miss Grand Int'l queens for Thai tourism promos". GMA Network. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  21. ↑ "Samantha Bernardo 'beyond grateful' as she returns to PH". ABS-CBN. 13 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  22. ↑ ២២,០ ២២,១ ២២,២ ២២,៣ "ณวัฒน์ ทุ่มงบ 60 ล้าน ลุยจัด "มิสแกรนด์อินเตอร์ฯ" ครั้งแรก ลาสวเกัส สหรัฐฯ-เปิดตัว "มงกุฎ" มูลค่า 8 หลัก". Matichon (in ថៃ). 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  23. ↑ ២៣,០ ២៣,១ Khaosod (26 October 2016). ""มิสอินโดนีเซีย"น้ำตาคลอ คว้ามงกุฏมิสแกรนด์อินเตอร์เนชั่นแนลฯ "ฝ้าย-สุภาพร"ซิวรองอันดับ2(คลิป)" (in ថៃ). Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  24. ↑ "Finding Sam Lo: Where is PH's bet to Miss Grand International 2019?". CNN Philippines. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  25. ↑ ២៥,០ ២៥,១ Fábio Luís de Paula (25 October 2019). "Brasileira é favorita ao Miss Grand International, que ocorre em meio à crise na Venezuela". Folha de S.Paulo (in ព័រទុយហ្គាល់). Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
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  29. ↑ "ณวัฒน์ ปั้น "มิสแกรนด์" ฟื้นชีพเวทีขาอ่อน "ธุรกิจนางงาม ก็เหมือนกับทีมฟุตบอล"". Positioning Magazine (in ថៃ). 3 August 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  30. ↑ "เราไม่ฆ่ากัน! เทเรซ่า ลั่น! อีก 7 ปีจะชิงที่ 1 แทนมิสยูนิเวิร์ส". Thai Rath (in ថៃ). 7 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
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  32. ↑ "ចុងសប្តាហ៍នេះ នឹងឃើញស្រីស្អាតគ្រងមកុដកញ្ញាឯកដ៏អស្ចារ្យនៃកម្ពុជាឆ្នាំ ២០២១". Post Khmer. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  33. ↑ ៣៣,០ ៣៣,១ Jude Toyat (6 May 2019). "Mel Dequanne Abar wins Miss Grand Malaysia 2019 title". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  34. ↑ "Ambika Joshi Rana crowned Miss Grand Nepal 2020". Glamour Nepal. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  35. ↑ "Nerviosismo le jugó una mala pasada a señorita aspirante a Miss Grand Paraguay 2021". La Nación (in អេស្ប៉ាញ). 6 July 2021. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
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