សរីរវិទ្យា

ពីវិគីភីឌា
Oil painting depicting Claude Bernard, the father of modern physiology, with his pupils

សរីរវីទ្យា (អង់គ្លេស: physiology; /ˌfɪziˈɒləi/; មកពីភាសា grc [φύσις (physis)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), មានន័យថា 'nature, origin', and [-λογία (-logia)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), មានន័យថា 'study of'[១]) ជាមុខវិជ្ជាវិទ្យាសាស្រ្តមួយសិក្សាអំពីយន្តការផ្សេងៗ​ និងទំនាក់ទំនងរបស់យន្តការទាំងនោះនៅក្នុងសារពាង្គកាយ​មានជីវិត​.[២] A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.[៣] Given the size of the field, it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology (microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, and viral physiology.[៣]

ចំណុចកណ្តាលនៃការយល់ដឹងអំពីមុខងារសរីរវិទ្យាគឺជាលក្ខណៈរួមបញ្ចូលគ្នារបស់វាជាមួយនឹងមុខវិជ្ជាផ្សេងទៀតដូចជា គីមីវិទ្យា និងរូបវិទ្យា យន្តការគ្រប់គ្រងលំនៅស្ថានដែលសម្របសម្រួល និងការទំនាក់ទំនងជាបន្តបន្ទាប់រវាងកោសិកា។[៤]

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.[៥]

ប្រវត្តិរបស់សរីរ​វិទ្យា​[កែប្រែ]

Physiological studies date back to the ancient civilizations of India[៦][៧] and Egypt alongside anatomical studies, but did not utilize dissection or vivisection.[៨]

The study of human physiology as a medical field dates back to at least 420 BC to the time of Hippocrates, also known as the "father of medicine."[៩] Hippocrates incorporated his belief system called the theory of humours, which consisted of four basic substance: earth, water, air and fire. Each substance is known for having a corresponding humour: black bile, phlegm, blood and yellow bile, respectively. Hippocrates also noted some emotional connections to the four humours, which Claudis Galenus would later expand on. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece. Like Hippocrates, Aristotle took to the humoral theory of disease, which also consisted of four primary qualities in life: hot, cold, wet and dry.[១០] Claudius Galenus (c. ~130–200 AD), known as Galen of Pergamum, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body. Unlike Hippocrates though, Galen argued that humoral imbalances can be located in specific organs, including the entire body.[១១] His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses. Galen also played off of Hippocrates idea that emotions were also tied to the humours, and added the notion of temperaments: sanguine corresponds with blood; phlegmatic is tied to phlegm; yellow bile is connected to choleric; and black bile corresponds with melancholy. Galen also saw the human body consisting of three connected systems: the brain and nerves, which are responsible for thoughts and sensations; the heart and arteries, which give life; and the liver and veins, which can be attributed to nutrition and growth.[១១] Galen was also the founder of experimental physiology.[១២] And for the next 1,400 years, Galenic physiology was a powerful and influential tool in medicine.[១១]

Jean Fernel (1497–1558), a French physician, introduced the term "physiology".[១៣]

In the 1820s, the French physiologist Henri Milne-Edwards introduced the notion of physiological division of labor, which allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of Adam Smith, Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him as appareils).[១៤]

In 1858, Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result decreases death rate from surgery by a substantial amount.[៥][១៥]

The Physiological Society was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club.[១៦] The American Physiological Society (APS) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887. The Society is, "devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences."[១៧]

In 1891, Ivan Pavlov performed research on "conditional reflexes" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to a plethora of sounds and visual stimuli.[១៥]

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929. By homeostasis, Cannon meant "the maintenance of steady states in the body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated."[១៨] In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment. It should be noted that, William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology.

Nineteenth century physiologists such as Michael Foster, Max Verworn, and Alfred Binet, based on Haeckel's ideas, elaborated what came to be called "general physiology", a unified science of life based on the cell actions,[១៤] later renamed in the twentieth century as cell biology.[១៩]

In the 20th century, biologists became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.[២០] Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.[២១]

In 1920, August Krogh won the Nobel Prize for discovering how, in capillaries, blood flow is regulated.[១៥]

In 1954, Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley, alongside their research team, discovered the sliding filaments in skeletal muscle, known today as the sliding filament theory.[១៥]

ស្ត្រីនៅក្នុងសរីរវិទ្យា[កែប្រែ]

Initially, women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society. The American Physiological Society, for example, was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks.[២២] In 1902, the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society.[២៣] Hyde, a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education,[២៤] attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine.

Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society, which had been founded in 1876.[ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង] On 3 July 1915, six women were officially admitted: Florence Buchanan, Winifred Cullis, Ruth C. Skelton, Sarah C. M. Sowton, Constance Leetham Terry, and Enid M. Tribe.[២៥] The centenary of the election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of a book "Women physiologists: centenary celebrations and beyond for The Physiological Society ISBN 978-0-9933410-0-7.

Prominent women physiologists include:

មុខ​វិជ្ជា​រង[កែប្រែ]

There are many ways to categorize the subdiscplines of physiology:[៣៤]

សរីរវិទ្យាមនុស្ស[កែប្រែ]

Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning,[៣] through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.[ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង]

ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរសរីរវិទ្យាអាចប៉ះពាល់ដល់មុខងារផ្លូវចិត្តរបស់មនុស្សម្នាក់ៗ។ ឧទាហរណ៍នៃការនេះនឹងជាផលប៉ះពាល់នៃថ្នាំមួយចំនួន ឬកម្រិតជាតិពុលនៃសារធាតុ។[៣៥][៣៦] Change in behavior as a result of these substances is often used to assess the health of individuals.[៣៧][៣៨]

Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation. Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.[៣៩]

See also[កែប្រែ]

ឯកសារយោង[កែប្រែ]

  1. "physiology". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. Prosser, C. Ladd (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology, Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology (4th រ.រ.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 1–12. ល.ស.ប.អ. 0-471-85767-X. 
  3. ៣,០ ៣,១ ៣,២ Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th រ.រ.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 3. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-4160-4574-8. 
  4. Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016). Vander's Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 14–15. ល.ស.ប.អ. 978-1-259-29409-9. 
  5. ៥,០ ៥,១ "What is physiology?". Medical News Today.
  6. D. P. Burma; Maharani Chakravorty. From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry. Pearson Education. p. 8. 
  7. Francis Zimmermann. The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats: An Ecological Theme in Hindu Medicine. Motilal Banarsidass publications. p. 159. 
  8. "Medicine Across Cultures". google.com.
  9. "Physiology". Science Clarified. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  10. "Early Medicine and Physiology". ship.edu.
  11. ១១,០ ១១,១ ១១,២ "Galen of Pergamum". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  12. (November 2007)"Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy". Thoracic Surgery Clinics 17 (4): 443–8. DOI:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.12.001.
  13. Wilbur Applebaum. Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton. Routledge. p. 344. 
  14. ១៤,០ ១៤,១ R. M. Brain. The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp., [១].
  15. ១៥,០ ១៥,១ ១៥,២ ១៥,៣ "Milestones in Physiology (1822-2013)" (PDF). 1 October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  16. "The Society's history | Physiological Society". www.physoc.org (in អង់គ្លេស). Retrieved 2017-02-21.
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  18. (October 2002)"Walter Bradford Cannon: Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions". American Journal of Public Health 92 (10): 1594–1595. DOI:10.2105/ajph.92.10.1594.
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  21. (1994). "Evolutionary physiology". Annual Review of Physiology 56 (1): 579–621. DOI:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051. Retrieved on 2017-06-17.
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  27. "Cori cycle". TheFreeDictionary.com.
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តំណ​ភ្ជាប់​ខាងក្រៅ[កែប្រែ]

វិគីនានុក្រមខ្មែរ
វិគីនានុក្រមខ្មែរ
វិគីនានុក្រមខ្មែរមានអត្ថន័យពាក្យ ​អំពី:

គន្ថនិទ្ទេស[កែប្រែ]

សរីរវិទ្យារបស់មនុស្ស

  • Widmaier, E.P., Raff, H., Strang, K.T. Vander's Human Physiology. 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009.
  • Marieb, E.N. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 10th Edition, Benjamin Cummings, 2012.

Animal physiology

  • Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. Animal Physiology, 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2012.
  • Moyes, C.D., Schulte, P.M. Principles of Animal Physiology, second edition. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Boston, MA, 2008.
  • Randall, D., Burggren, W., and French, K. Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanism and Adaptation, 5th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002.
  • Schmidt-Nielsen, K. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Withers, P.C. Comparative animal physiology. Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992.

Plant physiology

  • Larcher, W. Physiological plant ecology (4th ed.). Springer, 2001.
  • Salisbury, F.B, Ross, C.W. Plant physiology. Brooks/Cole Pub Co., 1992
  • Taiz, L., Zieger, E. Plant Physiology (5th ed.), Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer, 2010.

Fungal physiology

  • Griffin, D.H. Fungal Physiology, Second Edition. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1994.

Protistan physiology

  • Levandowsky, M. Physiological Adaptations of Protists. In: Cell physiology sourcebook: essentials of membrane biophysics. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/AP, 2012.
  • Levandowski, M., Hutner, S.H. (eds). Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa. Volumes 1, 2, and 3. Academic Press: New York, NY, 1979; 2nd ed.
  • Laybourn-Parry J. A Functional Biology of Free-Living Protozoa. Berkeley, California: University of California Press; 1984.

Algal physiology

  • Lobban, C.S., Harrison, P.J. Seaweed ecology and physiology. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Stewart, W. D. P. (ed.). Algal Physiology and Biochemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1974.

Bacterial physiology

  • El-Sharoud, W. (ed.). Bacterial Physiology: A Molecular Approach. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2008.
  • Kim, B.H., Gadd, M.G. Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism. Cambridge, 2008.
  • Moat, A.G., Foster, J.W., Spector, M.P. Microbial Physiology, 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc. New York, NY, 2002.

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