អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:Rithy SC//Editing History of American journalism

ការកែសម្រួលប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តនៃអ្នកកាសែតអាមេរិច ទំព័រគំរូ:សូមមើលផងដែរ អ្នកកាសែតនៅអាមេរិកចាប់ផ្តើមជាមួយការងាររាបទាបនិងបានក្លាយជាកម្លាំងនយោបាយក្នុងយុទ្ធនាការនេះសម្រាប់ ឯករាជ្យអាមេរិក ។ ក្រោយពីទទួលបានឯករាជ្យអត្ថបទដំបូងនៃ នៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ បានធានា សេរីភាពនៃកាសែត និងការនិយាយនិងអាមេរិកបានកើនឡើងយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័សកាសែតខាងក្រោមនេះ បដិវត្តន៍អាមេរិក ។ កាសែតនេះបានក្លាយជាធាតុការគាំទ្រគណបក្សនយោបាយសំខាន់របស់ប្រទេសនេះប៉ុន្តែស្ថាប័នសាសនាបានរៀបចំផងដែរ។

ក្នុងអំឡុងសតវត្សទី 19 កាសែតនិងចាប់ផ្តើមពង្រីកនៅក្រៅទីក្រុងភាគខាងកើតលេចឡើងនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ពីទសវត្សឆ្នាំ 1830 តទៅនេះ ចុចលើកាក់ បានចាប់ផ្តើមដើរតួនាទីយ៉ាងសំខាន់ក្នុងការអ្នកកាសែតអាមេរិកនិងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាដូចជាការចុចទូរលេខនិងការបោះពុម្ពលឿនជាងមុននៅឆ្នាំ 1840 នេះបានជួយពង្រីកកាសែតរបស់ប្រទេសជាតិដូចជាវាបានជួបប្រទះការរីកលូតលាស់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងប្រជាសាស្រ្តយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័ស។

ដោយឆ្នាំ 1900 កាសែតធំបានក្លាយជាប្រទេសមហាអំណាចផលចំណេញនៃការតស៊ូមតិ, muckraking និង sensationalism រួមជាមួយធ្ងន់ធ្ងរនិង គោលបំណង ដំណឹង-ការប្រមូលផ្តុំ។ ក្នុងអំឡុងសតវត្សទី 20 ដើម, មុនពេលការកើនឡើងនៃទូរទស្សន៍អាមេរិចជាមធ្យមអានកាសែតជាច្រើនក្នុងមួយថ្ងៃ ទំព័រគំរូ:ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង ចាប់ផ្តើមក្នុងការផ្លាស់ប្តូរឆ្នាំ 1920 ក្នុងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាថ្មីម្តងទៀត morphed ធម្មជាតិនៃអ្នកកាសែតអាមេរិកដែលជា វិទ្យុ ហើយក្រោយមក ទូរទស្សន៍, បានចាប់ផ្តើមលេងសារៈសំខាន់កាន់តែខ្លាំងឡើង តួនាទី។

នៅចុងសតវត្សទី 20, ភាគច្រើននៃអ្នកកាសែតជនជាតិអាមេរិកបានក្លាយជាបានដាក់នៅក្នុងក្រុមហ៊ុនប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយធំមួយ (ដែលជាកម្មសិទ្ធិសំខាន់ដោយ អធិរាជប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ លោក Ted Turner និង លោក Rupert Murdoch) ។ ជាមួយនឹងការយាងមករបស់អ្នកកាសែតឌីជីថលនៅក្នុងសតវត្សរ៍ទី 21 នេះកាសែតទាំងអស់ប្រឈមមុខនឹងការវិបត្តិអាជីវកម្មដូចជាអ្នកអានបែរទៅអ៊ីនធឺណិតសម្រាប់ប្រភពនិងការផ្សព្វផ្សាយពាណិជ្ជកម្មតាមពីក្រោយពួកគេ។ [ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយសង្គម []] ថ្មីបច្ចេកវិទ្យាដូចជា Twitter របស់ បានបង្ហាញជាប្រភពសំខាន់មួយនិងកន្លែងសម្រាប់អ្នកកាសែតអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងសតវត្សទី 21 ដើម។

ប្រភពដើម

នេះ 'ប្រវត្តិនៃអ្នកកាសែតអាមេរិច' ចាប់ផ្តើមនៅ 1690 នៅពេលដែល បេនយ៉ាមីនហារីស ដែលបានចេញផ្សាយលើកដំបូងនៃ "Publick កើតឡើង, ទាំងការបរទេសនិង Domestick" នៅក្នុងទីក្រុងបូស្តុន។ ហារីសដែលមានការតភ្ជាប់អន្តរអាត្លង់ទិខ្លាំងមានគោលបំណងដើម្បីបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយកាសែតប្រចាំសប្តាហ៍ជាទៀងទាត់នៅតាមបណ្តោយបន្ទាត់នៃអ្នកទាំងនោះដែលបានកើតមាននៅក្នុងទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍នេះប៉ុន្តែលោកមិនបានទទួលការយល់ព្រមជាមុននិងក្រដាសរបស់គាត់ត្រូវបានបង្ក្រាបបន្ទាប់ពីការបោះពុម្ពតែមួយ Roosevelt's main goal was to promote discussion and support for his package of Square Deal reform policies among his base in the middle-class. When the media strayed too far from his list of approved targets, he criticized them as mud flinging muckrakers.

Journalism historians pay by far the most attention to the big city newspapers. They largely ignore the small-town dailies, as well as the weeklies that proliferated and county seats and dealt heavily in local news. However rural America was also served by specialized farm magazines. By 1910 most farmers subscribed one. Their editors typically promoted efficiency as applied to farming, With reports of new machinery, new seats, new techniques, and the successive county fairs and state fairs in disseminating the information.

Muckraking

អត្ថបទដើមចំបង: Muckraker

Muckrakers were investigative journalists, sponsored by large national magazines, who investigated political corruption, as well as misdeeds by corporations and labor unions.

Exposes attracted a middle-class upscale audience during the Progressive Era, especially in 1902 – 1912. By the 1900s, such major magazines as Collier's Weekly, Munsey's Magazine and McClure's Magazine sponsored exposés for a national audience. The January 1903 issue of McClure's marked the beginning of muckraking journalism, while the muckrakers would get their label later. Ida M. Tarbell ("The History of Standard Oil"), Lincoln Steffens ("The Shame of Minneapolis") and Ray Stannard Baker ("The Right to Work"), simultaneously published famous works in that single issue. Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens' previous article "Tweed Days in St. Louis", in McClure's October 1902 issue was the first muckraking article.

President Roosevelt enjoyed very close relationships with the press, which he used to keep in daily contact with his middle-class base. While out of office, he made a living as a writer and magazine editor. He loved talking with intellectuals, authors and writers. He drew the line, however, at expose-oriented scandal-mongering journalists who during his term set magazine subscriptions soaring by their attacks on corrupt politicians, mayors, and corporations. Roosevelt himself was not a target, but his speech in 1906 coined the term "muckraker" for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges. "The liar," he said, "is no whit better than the thief, and if his mendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves." The muckraking style fell out of fashion after 1917, as the media pulled together to support the war effort with minimum criticism of personalities.

Starting in the 1960s, investigative journalism came back into fashion, as typified by Bob Woodward and the Washington Post exposés of the Watergate scandal. At the local level, the alternative press movement emerged, typified by alternative weekly newspapers like The Village Voice in New York City and The Phoenix in Boston, as well as political magazines like Mother Jones and The Nation.

Professionalization

Winfield argues that 1908 represented a turning point in the professionalization of journalism, as characterized by the new journalism schools the founding of the National Press Club, and such technological innovations as newsreels, the use of halftones to print photographs, and changes in newspaper design. Reporters wrote the stories that sold papers, but they shared only a fraction of the income. The highest salaries were paid to New York reporters, with a top at $40 to $60 a week. Pay scales were lower in smaller cities, with only $5 to $20 a week at smaller dailies. Technically, the quality of the reporting increased sharply, and the reliability, improved; drunkenness became less and less of a problem. Pulitzer gave Columbia University $2 million in 1912 to create a school of journalism that has retained a leadership status well into the 21st century. Other notable schools were founded at the University of Missouri and the Medill School Northwestern University.

Freedom of the press became well-established legal principle, although President Theodore Roosevelt tried to sue major papers for reporting corruption in the purchase of the Panama Canal rights. The federal court threw out the lawsuit, ending the only attempt by the federal government to sue newspapers for libel since the days of the Sedition act of 1798-1801. Roosevelt had a more positive impact on journalism by providing a steady stream of lively copy, making the White House the center of national reporting.

Rise of the African-American press

អត្ថបទដើមចំបង: African American newspapers

The rampant discrimination against African-Americans did not prevent them from founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. These newspapers and other publications flourished because of the loyalty their readers had to them. The first black newspaper was the Freedom's Journal, and it was first published on March 16, 1827 by John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish. Philip Alexander Bell (1808-1886) started the Colored American in New York City in 1837, then became co-editor of The Pacific Appeal and founder of The Elevator, both significant Reconstruction Era newspapers based in San Francisco.

Poster from the U.S. Office of War Information, 1943

By the 20th century, African-American newspapers flourished in the major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included Robert Sengstacke Abbott ( 1870-1940), publisher of the Chicago Defender; John Mitchell, Jr. (1863 – 1929), editor of the Richmond Planet and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; Anthony Overton (1865 – 1946), publisher of the Chicago Bee, and Robert Lee Vann (1879 – 1940), the publisher and editor of the Pittsburgh Courier.

Foreign-language newspapers

As immigration rose dramatically during the last half of the 19th century, many Ethnic groups sponsored newspapers in their native languages to cater to their fellow expatriates. The Germans created the largest network, but their press was largely shut down in 1917-1918. Yiddish Newspapers appeared for New York Jews. They had the effect of introducing newcomers from Eastern Europe to American culture and society. In states like Nebraska, founded on large immigrants populations, where many residents moved from Czechoslovakia, Germany and Denmark foreign-language papers provided a place for these people to make cultural and economic contributions to their new country and home. Today, Spanish language newspapers such as El Diario La Prensa (founded in 1913) exist in Hispanic strongholds, but their circulations are small.

Between the wars

A broadcast journalism began slowly in the 1920s, at a time when stations broadcast music and occasional speeches, and expanded slowly in the 1930s as radio moved to drama and entertainment. Radio exploded in importance during World War II, But after 1950, it was overwhelmed by television news. The newsreel was developed in the 1920s and flourished before the coming of daily television news broadcasting in the 1950s doomed its usefulness.

Luce empire

The first issue of Time (March 3, 1923), featuring House Speaker Joseph G. Cannon.

News magazines flourished from the late 19th century, such as Outlook and Review of Reviews. However, Henry Luce (1898-1967) transformed the genre with his Time in 1923. It became the favorite news source for the upscale middle-class. Luce, a conservative Republican, was called "the most influential private citizen in the America of his day." He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism and the reading habits of upscale Americans. Time summarized and interpreted the week's news. Life was a picture magazine of politics, culture and society that dominated American visual perceptions in the era before television. Fortune explored in depth the economy and the world of business, introducing to executives avant-garde ideas such as Keynesianism. Sports Illustrated probed beneath the surface of the game to explore the motivations and strategies of the teams and key players. Add in his radio projects and newsreels, and Luce created a multimedia corporation to rival that of Hearst and other newspaper chains. Luce, born in China to missionary parents, demonstrated a missionary zeal to make the nation worthy of dominating the world in what he called the "American Century." Luce hired outstanding journalists—some of them serious intellectuals, as well as talented editors. By the late 20th century, however, all the Luce magazines and their imitators (such as Newsweek and Look) drastically scaled back. Newsweek ended its print edition in 2013.

21st century Internet

Following the emergence of browsers, USA Today became the first newspaper to offer an online version of its publication in 1995, though CNN launched its own site later that year. However, the rapidly growing impact of the Internet, especially after 2000, brought "free" news and classified advertising to audiences that no longer cared for paid subscriptions. The Internet undercut the business model of many daily newspapers. Bankruptcy loomed across the U.S. and did hit such major papers as the Rocky Mountain news (Denver), the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times, among many others. Chapman and Nuttall find that proposed solutions, such as multiplatforms, paywalls, PR-dominated news gathering, and shrinking staffs have not resolved the challenge. The result, they argue, is that journalism today is characterized by four themes: personalization, globalization, localization, and pauperization.

Nip presents a typology of five models of audience connections: traditional journalism, public journalism, interactive journalism, participatory journalism, and citizen journalism. He identifies the higher goal of public journalism as engaging the people as citizens and helping public deliberation.

Additionally, as investigative journalism declined at major daily newspapers in the 2000s, many reporters formed their own non-profit investigative newsrooms. Examples include ProPublica on the national level, Texas Tribune at the state level and Voice of OC at the local level.

Historiography

Journalism historian David Nord has argued that in the 1960s and 1970s:

"In journalism history and media history, a new generation of scholars . . . criticised traditional histories of the media for being too insular, too decontextualised, too uncritical, too captive to the needs of professional training, and too enamoured of the biographies of men and media organizations."

In 1974, James W. Carey identified the ‘Problem of Journalism History’. The field was dominated by a Whig interpretation of journalism history.

"This views journalism history as the slow, steady expansion of freedom and knowledge from the political press to the commercial press, the setbacks into sensationalism and yellow journalism, the forward thrust into muck raking and social responsibility....the entire story is framed by those large impersonal forces buffeting the press: industrialisation, urbanisation and mass democracy.

O'Malley says the criticism went too far, because there was much of value in the deep scholarship of the earlier period.

See also

• History of American newspapers
• History of journalism
• American Journalism Historians Association
• Media bias in the United States

Sources

Harper, R. (n.d.). The Social Media Revolution: Exploring the Impact on Journalism and News Media Organizations. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/202/the-social-media-revolution-exploring-the-impact-on-journalism-and-news-media-organizations

• Rogers, T. (n.d.). A (Brief) History of Print Journalism in America. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from http://journalism.about.com/od/ethicsprofessionalism/a/printhistory.htm History of Journalism lecture notes by Dr. Wally Hastings, Northern State University, South Dakota

Newspapers. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2014, from https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/newspapers/id308196376?mt=8

Further reading

The Tribune was the leading newspaper in the era of the Civil War

• Blanchard, Margaret A., ed. History of the Mass Media in the United States, An Encyclopedia. (1998)
• Brennen, Bonnie and Hanno Hardt, eds. Picturing the Past: Media, History and Photography. (1999)
• Caswell, Lucy Shelton, ed. Guide to Sources in American Journalism History. (1989)
• Daly, Christopher B. "Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation's Journalism." (2012)
• Emery, Michael, Edwin Emery, and Nancy L. Roberts. The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media 9th ed. (1999.), standard textbook; best place to start.
• Kotler, Johathan and Miles Beller. American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present. (2003)
• Kuypers, Jim A. Partisan Journalism: A History of Media Bias in the United States (2013)
• McKerns, Joseph P., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism. (1989)
• Marzolf, Marion. Up From the Footnote: A History of Women Journalists. (1977)
• Mott, Frank Luther. American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States Through 250 Years, 1690-1940 (1941). major reference source and interpretive history. online edition
• Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines (5 vol 1930-1968), very comprehensive scholarly history
• Nord, David Paul. Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers. (2001) excerpt and text search
• Paneth, Donald. Encyclopedia of American Journalism (1983)
• Schudson, Michael. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. (1978). excerpt and text search
• Sloan, W. David and Lisa Mullikin Parcell, eds. (2002). American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices. McFarland. https://books.google.com/books?id=rziNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR5. 
• Sloan, W. David, James G. Stovall, and James D. Startt. The Media in America: A History, 4th ed. (1999)
• Starr, Paul. The Creation of the Media: Political origins of Modern Communications (2004), far ranging history of all forms of media in 19th and 20th century US and Europe; Pulitzer prize excerpt and text search
• Streitmatter, Rodger. Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History (1997)online edition
• Tebbel, John, and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. The Magazine in America, 1741-1990 (1991), popular history
• Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. Encyclopedia of American Journalism (2007) 636 pages excerpt and text search

1780s–1830s

• Humphrey, Carol Sue The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833 (1996) online edition
• Knudson, Jerry W. Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo
• Nevins, Allan. The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism (1922) online edition ch 1-2
• Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)
• Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." Early American Literature 2000 35(1): 51-86. ISSN 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco
• Stewart, Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers

Penny press, telegraph and party politics

• Ames, William E. A History of the National Intelligencer.
• Blondheim Menahem. News over the Wire: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844–1897 (1994)
• Crouthamel James L. Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press (1989)
• Davis, Elmer. History of the New York Times, 1851–1921 (1921)
• Dicken-Garcia, Hazel. Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America (1989)
• Douglas, George H. The Golden Age of the Newspaper (1999)
• Elliott Robert N., Jr. The Raleigh Register, 1799–1863 (1955)
• Huntzicker, William E. and William David Sloan eds. The Popular Press, 1833–1865 (1999)
• Luxon Norval Neil. Niles' Weekly Register: News Magazine of the Nineteenth Century (1947)
• Martin Asa Earl. "Pioneer Anti-Slavery Press", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2 (1916), 509–528. in JSTOR
• George S. Merriam, Life and Times of Samuel Bowles V. 1 (1885) Springfield [Mass.] Republican
• Nevins, Allan. The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism (1925) full text online
• Rafferty, Anne Marie. American Journalism 1690–1904 (2004)
• Schiller, Dan. Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (1981)
• Schwarzlose Richard A. The Nation's Newsbrokers, vol. 1, The Formative Years: From Pretelegraph to 1865 (1989)
• Shaw Donald Lewis. "At the Crossroads: Change and Continuity in American Press News 1820–1860", Journalism History 8:2 (Summer 1981), 38–50.
• Smith Carol, and Carolyn Stewart Dyer. "Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper", Journalism Monographs 132 ( April 1992).
• Steele Janet E. The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana. (1993)
• Stevens John D. Sensationalism and the New York Press (1991)
• Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (1994)
• Thomas, Leonard. The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting. (1986)
• Tucher, Andie. Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium. (1994)
• Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader (1953) online editor of New York Tribune (1840–1872)
• Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby (1947), Whig editor of Albany Journal
• Walsh Justin E. To Print the News and Raise Hell! A Biography of Wilbur F. Storey. (1968), Democratic/Copperhead editor Chicago Times
• Williams Harold A. The Baltimore Sun 1837–1987. (1987)

Civil War

• Andrews, J. Cutler. The North Reports the Civil War (1955), the definitive study
• Andrews, J. Cutler. The South Reports the Civil War (1970) the definitive study
• Harris, Brayton (1999), Blue & Gray in Black & White: Newspapers in the Civil War, Brassey's, ល.ស.ប.អ. 1574881655 
• Bulla, David W. and Gregory R. Borchard. Journalism in the Civil War Era (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 256 pages. Studies the influence of the war on the press, and, in turn, the press on the war.
• Crozier, Emmet. Yankee Reporters 1861–1865 (1956)
• Fermer Douglas. James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald: A Study of Editorial Opinion in the Civil War Era 1854–1867 (1986)
• Merrill Walter M. Against Wind and Tide: A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison (1963)
• Reynolds, Donald E. Editors Make War: Southern Newspapers in the Secession Crisis (1970).
• Sachsman, David B., et al., eds. The Civil War and the Press. (2000)
• Sanger Donald Bridgman. "The Chicago Times and the Civil War", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17 ( March 1931), 557–580. A Copperhead newspaper; at JSTOR
• Skidmore Joe. "The Copperhead Press and the Civil War", Journalism Quarterly 16:4 ( December 1939), 345–355.
• Starr, Louis M. Bohemian Brigade: Civil War Newsmen in Action (1954)
• Weisberger, Bernard A. Reporters for the Union ( 1953)

1865–1940

• Brian, Dennis. Pulitzer: A Life (2001) online
• Campbell, W. Joseph. Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies (2003), focus on 1898
• Davis, Elmer. History of the New York Times, 1851–1921 (1921) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9199060 online]
• Booker, Richard. The Story of an Independent Newspaper (1924)] Springfield Republican in Massachusetts online
• Kaplan, Richard L. Politics and the American Press: The Rise of Objectivity, 1865–1920 (2002)
• Kobre, Sidney. The Yellow Press, and Gilded Age Journalism (1964)
• Miller, Sally M. The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analysis and Handbook. (1987)
• Nasaw, David. The Chief The Life of William Randolph Hearst (2000)
• Peterson, Theodore. Magazines in 20th Century (2nd ed. 1964)
• Pride, Armistead S. and Clint C. Wilson. A History of the Black Press. (1997)
• Procter, Ben. William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863–1910 (1998) online
• Sloan, W. David and James D. Startt. The Gilded Age Press, 1865–1900 (2003) online
• Smythe, Ted Curtis; The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900 Praeger. 2003. online edition
• Swanberg, W.A. Pulitzer (1967).
• Weinberg, Arthur, and Lila Weinberg. The Muckrakers (1961).
• Whyte, Kenneth. The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst (2009).

1940–2010

• Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531pp.
  • "A Magazine Master Builder" Book review by Janet Maslin, The New York Times, April 19, 2010
• Brinkley, Alan. What Would Henry Luce Make of the Digital Age?, TIME (April 19, 2010) excerpt and text search
• Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (2001) excerpt and text search
• Diamond, Edwin. Behind the Times: Inside the New New York Times (1995)
• Edwards, Bob. Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism (2004) excerpt and text search
• Gorman, Lyn. and David McLean. Media and Society in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Introduction (2002) excerpt and text search
• Gottlieb, Robert and Irene Wolt. Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times, Its Publishers and Their Influence on Southern California. (1977)
• Halberstam, David. The Powers That Be (2001) power of the media in national affairs excerpt and text search
• Harnett, Richard M. and Billy G. Ferguson. Unipress: United Press International: Covering the 20th Century. (2001)
• Kluger, Richard. The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune. (1986)
• Liebling, A. J. The Press (1961)
• McDougal, Dennis. Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty (2001) online
• McPherson, James Brian. Journalism at the end of the American century, 1965–present (2006) excerpt and text search
• Merritt, Davis. Knightfall: Knight Ridder And How The Erosion Of Newspaper Journalism Is Putting Democracy At Risk (2005) excerpt and text search
• Noble, James Kendrick. Paper Profits: A Financial History of the Daily Newspaper Industry, 1958-1998 (2000)
• John J. Scanlon, The Passing of the Springfield Republican (1950); it folded after 1947 strike online
• Stacks, John F. Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism. (2003)
• Wolff, Michael. The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch (2008) 446 pages excerpt and text search

Historiography

• Daly, Chris. "The Historiography of Journalism History: Part 2: 'Toward a New Theory,'" American Journalism, Winter 2009, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 148–155, stresses the tension between the imperative form of business model and the dominating culture of news